That one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of anything else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity, that I believe no man, who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can ever fall into it.
Isaac Newton
Letter to Richard Bentley (1692)
Newton had suggested that special tiny repellent particles pervade the whole of space, making up an invisible, weightless medium capable of transmitting gravity or magnetism, yet rare enough to leave the planets virtually unaffected.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643 to 1727)
Alternative explanation of gravity
Download PDF file Abstract:
The objective of this paper is twofold. First, the extension of the current thermodynamic properties of mass, temperature, volume, and pressure to include the substantiation of mass density as a thermodynamic property. It will be shown that mass density is not just a straightforward ratio of mass and volume but only presents a true ratio when heterogeneous states of matter are in equilibrium. It will also be shown that, for a given gas of constant mass, the product of density and temperature remain constant irrespective of change in pressure and/or volume. Second, this paper, where molality is used as a generic term relating to the unitary mole, provides a methodological approach to establishing precise molality by refinement of the Avogadro principle and, consequently, dispenses with the gas constant. Computation is then specific when dealing with real gases.
PACS numbers:
01.40.-d, 01.55.+b, 51.30.+i
Updated:
7 August 2024
Key subjects:
General Physics -> Thermodynamical Properties of Gases, Relative Aspects of Matter, Avogadro’s Principle, Precise Molality, Intermolecular Forces, Equilibrium of State
Abstract:
A deliberation into whether hypothetical magnetic monopole particles mediated the magnetic force led to the serendipitous insight that the existence of gravitons would constitute magnetic monopole dual particles, which self-organize into gravity strands, and that these formations mediate the gravitational force. This initial premise readily evolved into realizing a solution for quantum gravity in perfect unity with magnetic and electrical fundamental forces, thereby forming a foundation for Quantum Magnetodynamics.
PACS numbers:
04.60.-m, 14.80.Hv, 34.20.Cf, 05.70.Ce
Updated:
28 April 2025
Key subjects:
Quantum Gravity -> Quantum Chromodynamics, Magnetic Monopoles, Gravitons, Gravitation, Magnetism, Unification of Fundamental Forces
Abstract:
Quantum Magnetodynamics is presented as the foundation for Quantum Gravity. This conceptual foundation is used to explore the influence of magnetodynamical processes in the quantum and cosmic realms. In an exposition, through modelling electron, neutron, and quark degeneracy pressures associated with white dwarf stars, neutron stars, and black holes, it is shown that these incremental degeneracy pressures are countered by the dominance of gravitational pressure to which there is a finite limit that culminates in an explication for the Big Bang event. In the ensuing conditions that evolved, magnetism was initially the dominant force in the early universe. Incorporating a plausible explication for dark matter, as the observational extent of quantum gravity, magnetodynamical processes would ultimately reconcile the extreme classical hierarchical scales of the universe, with its structural formations and their cohesion, to a governing process that originates at the quantum scale.
PACS numbers:
98.80.Qc, 95.35.+d, 97.60.-s, 98.80.Bp
Updated:
30 December 2024
Key subjects:
Quantum Cosmology -> Quantum Gravity, Compact Cosmic Objects, Gravitation, Magnetism, Quark Matter, Degeneracy and Gravitational Pressure, Dark Matter, Big Bang Event, Early Universe
Abstract:
A premise that Nature arises, at the quantum scale, from simplistic fundamental structures that progress into the complexity of functional structures, has highlighted an important requirement for the forces of Nature to be formulated from such a fundamental structural viewpoint. A model has been established by revisiting an existing paradigm for a methodological approach to revealing such a structure relating to the fundamental forces. This foundational representation provides a powerful predictive tool, which has pointed to the potential source of Dark Energy; in its revelation as a fundamental force and its essential counterbalance to gravity.
PACS numbers:
12.90.+b, 12.60.-i, 11.30.Ly, 13.15.+g
Updated:
15 March 2021
Key subjects:
Fundamental Physics, Particle Physics, Cosmology -> Fundamental Forces, Unified Fields, Dark Energy, Black Holes, Binary Star Systems, Big Bang, Super Inflation
Abstract:
It is deduced from Einstein's famous equation in relation to the rest mass-energy of particles that the phenomenon of the quantum arises within the Planck realm in the discrete granularity of energy. This revelation is utilized in conjunction with the paradigm that, fundamentally, Nature has transpired from absolute correlative hetero-solutions, where each solution is the most minimal in substance but vast in potential, to further deduce an absolute solution for the origin of distinct charges. This theoretical solution realizes the minimal prerequisite for the formation of everything: particles, forces, and interactive processes, where Nature was presented with just one ingredient – energy – to construct and activate the universe.
PACS numbers:
21.10.Ft, 14.65.Bt, 14.70.Dj, 14.80.Hv
Updated:
28 April 2025
Key subjects:
Particle Physics -> Vacuum Energy, Planck Scale, Granularity of Energy, Fundamental Particles, Fundamental Charges, General Relativity, Quantum Gravity
Abstract:
A preliminary investigation into experimentally measured radii of particles shows there is for both composite and elementary particles a simple correlation between their mass and size. Among the provisional and yet significant conclusions is the explanation of the mass expression in Einstein's famous equation. This explanation is an assertion as to the origin of mass.
PACS numbers:
Updated:
23 January 2021
Key subjects:
Fundamental Physics -> Mass, Absolute Density, Higgs Mechanism, Massless Particles, Black Holes, Big Bang, Singularities.
Problems and questions are metaphorically the same.
If a solution to a problem cannot be found, it is simply because the problem is not understood.
Formulate the research into the problem; the solution will naturally formulate itself.
An absolute understanding of the problem will produce a precise or absolute solution.
David W Gold
Absolute solutions are always the simplest of solutions (albeit the most difficult to ascertain).
These solutions cannot be further simplified – as exemplified by the binary digit concept.
The indications are that nature has, fundamentally, transpired from absolute correlative hetero-solutions.
David W Gold